交叉句最早見於古希臘時代。西元前第六世紀,有一個叫Croesus的人有感於戰爭的殘酷,留下了一句名言,就是以交叉句的形式表現:
• In peace sons bury their fathers,
but in war fathers bury their sons.
承平時代,兒子給父親送終;
戰亂時代,父親給兒子送終。
交叉句的結構因為有形式對稱之美,西方的格言諺語經常採用。有一句義大利格言便是用交叉句道盡了因性別造成的差別待遇:
• In man, mortal sins are venial;
in woman, venial sins are mortal.
男人,致命的過失都算輕微;
女人,輕微的過失就會致命。
古往今來,有許多名嘴都留下了交叉句的名言。約翰甘迺迪那句膾炙人口的呼籲就是交叉句:
• Ask not what your country can do for you,
ask what you can do for your country.
別問國家能為你做什麼,
要問你能為國家做什麼。
接下來介紹幾位古今交又句的名家,以及他們一些膾炙人口的名言。
愛默森(Ralph Waldo Emersonm,1803-1882)
愛默森是美國詩人、作家,同時也是超越主義(Transcendentalism)的大哲學家。一般人對他的作品比較陌生,對他的大弟子梭羅(Hen David Thoreau)可能比較熟悉。梭羅的《湖濱散記》(Walden)記載他在爾騰湖畔自己建造一楝小木屋、過著回歸自然的,實現了老師的超越主義。愛默森還擅長創作精闢的短句,是最常被人引用的名家之一,其中也不乏交叉句。
• The Arabians say that
Abul Khain, the mystic, and
Abu Ali Seena, the philosopher,
conferred together; and, on parting
the philosopher said“All that he sees I know”;
and the mystic said,“All that he knows I see.”
阿拉伯人說,
玄學家阿布凱因
和哲學家阿布阿里辛納
兩人談過話。分手時,
哲學家說:「他看到的,我都知道。」
玄學家說:「他知道的,我都看到。」
• Every man takes care that
his neighbor shall not cheat him.
But a day comes when
he begins to care that
he does not cheat his neighbor.
Then all goes well.
大家都在小心
不要受鄰人的騙。
到了哪一天,
人開始小心
不要去騙鄰人,就天下太平了。
• For everything you have missed,
you have gained something else;
and for everything you gain,
you lose something
你每錯過一件事物,
就會獲得另一件。
你每獲得一件事物,
就會錯過另一件。
• The democrat is a young conservative;
the conservative is an old democrat.
民主派就是年輕的保守派,
保守派就是年老的民主派。
• The true philosopher and the true poet are one,
and a beauty, which is truth,
and a truth, which is beauty,
is the aim of both.
真正的哲學家和真正的詩人完全一樣,
一種美,也就是真
與一種真,也就是美
是二者共同的目標。
• Machinery is aggressive.
The weaver becomes a web,
the machinist a machine.
If you do not use the tools,
they use you.
機器有侵略性。
織工會成為網,
機械工會成為機器。
你若不善用工具,
就會被工具所用。
• Be a little careful of your Library
Do you foresee what you will do with it?
Very little to be sure.
But the real question is,
what it will do with you.
對你的藏書要稍微小心點。
你能預見你會把藏書怎樣嗎?
當然不會怎樣。
不過真正的問題在於,
藏書會把你怎樣。
• If a man owns land,
the land owns him.
人若擁有土地,
土地便擁有他。
王爾德(Oscar Wilde, 1854-1900)
對於這位英國作家的作品,一般人比較熟悉的可能是舞台劇《不可兒戲》(The Importance of Being Earnest)。王爾德曾因為與一位貴族的兒子傳出同性戀傳聞,被對方父親控告而坐過兩年牢,並在獄中估苦役。這件事將他從創造力與聲望的巔峰推下來,身敗名裂,但他也因此為成同性戀人士的先烈。此外,他還以機智的雋語聞名,其中有不少是交叉句。
• Knaves nowadays do look so honest that honest folk are forced to look like knaves so as to be different.
如今的壞人看起來真的都很老實,所以老實人不得不裝出壞人的樣子以示區別。
• Life imitates art
far more than art imitates life.
人生模仿藝術,
遠超過藝術模仿人生。
• No crime is vulgar
but all vulgarity is crime.
罪惡絕不低俗,
低俗卻絕對是罪惡。
• The aim of most of our modern novelists
seems to be
not to write good novels
but to write novels that will do good.
大多數現代小說家的目標
似乎
不是要寫好的小說,
而是要寫能做好事的小說。
• In France…they limit the journalist,
and allow the artist almost perfect freedom.
Here we allow absolute freedom to
the journalist,
and entirely limit the artist.
在法國……他們限制新聞記者,
但容許藝術家有近乎完全的自由。
在這裡(英國),我們給新聞記者絕對的自由,
卻完全限制藝術家。
• London is too full of fogs—and serious people.
Whether the fogs produce the serious people
or whether the serious people produce the fogs,
I don’t know,
but the whole thing rather gets on my nerves.
倫敦太多霧——也太多嚴肅的人。
是迷霧造成了嚴肅的人
還是嚴肅的人造成了迷霧,
我搞不清楚,
可是有點受不了。
• I know not whether Laws be right,
Or whether Laws be wrong;
All that we know who lie in gaol,
Is that the wall is strong;
And that each day is like a year,
A year whose days are long.
我不知道法律是對,
還是錯。
我們獄中人只知道,
牆壁很牢;
而且每天都像一年,
每天都很長的一年。
(註)此為王爾德因同性戀罪名入獄時,以化名所寫的。
• I wrote when I did not know life;
now that I do know the meaning of life,
I have no more to write.
Life cannot be written;
life can only be lived.
我寫作,當時我並不了解人生;
如今我知道了人生的意義,
就沒有什麼好寫了。
人生是不能用寫的,人生是要過的。
蕭伯納(George Bernard Shaw, 1856-1950)
蕭伯納是英國劇作家,他最為人熟悉的大概是根據他的舞台劇Pygmalion所改編的電影《窈窕女》(My Fair Lady)蕭伯納也是個名嘴及知名的社會評論家,一九二五年曾經獲得諾貝爾文學獎。
• the reasonable man adapts himself to the world;
the unreasonable one persists
to adapt the world to himself
Therefore all progress depends on
the unreasonable man.
智的人改變自己來適應這個世界;
不理智的人堅持
要改變世界來適應他。
所以一切的進步繫於
不理智的人。
• If you cannot have what you believe in,
you must believe in what you have.
如果你信仰的東西你無法擁有,
你就得去信仰你所擁有的束西。
• The law is equal before all of us;
but we are not all equal before the law.
法律在我們之前都是平等的;
不過我們在法律之前並非都平等。
• It is not pleasure that makes life worth living.
It is life that makes pleasure worth having.
並不是快樂讓生命有價值,
而是生命讓快樂有價值。
邱吉爾(Winston Churchill, 1874-1965)
英國首相邱吉爾是捍衛民主的鬥士。當時他是最早挺身而出對抗希特勒,也是最早在戰後提出「鐵幕已經降下」警語的人。同時,他還是諾貝爾文學獎得主,更是史上最出色的演說家之一。他留下很多名言,其中也有許多精彩的交叉句。
•Now this is not the end.
It is not even the beginning of the end.
But it is, perhaps,
the end of the beginning.
這不是結束,
甚至不是結束的開始。
但它或許是,
開始的結束。
〔註〕一九四二年,英軍在北非擊敗隆美爾,扭轉了二次大戰的局勢。此為邱吉爾在該役之後的一次演說中所言。
•The whole history of the world
is summed up in the fact that,
when nations are strong,
they are not always just,
and when they wish to be just,
they are no longer strong.
整部世界史
可以一言以蔽之:
國家強盛的時候
不見得是公正的,
而國家想要公正的時候
卻已經不再強盛。
•Our defeats are but stepping-stones to victory,
and his victories are but stepping-stones to ruin.
我們的失敗,只不過是勝利的踏腳石。
他的勝利,只不過是毀滅的踏腳石。
〔註〕邱吉爾於二次大戰時的演說。句中的「他」是指希特勒。
•I am ready to meet my Maker.
Whether my Maker is prepared
for the ordeal of meeting me
is another matter.
我已經準備好去見造物主了。
不過主是否已經準備好
「接見我」這件困難的工作
那是另一回事。
〔註〕邱吉爾七十五歲生日時,記者問他怕不怕死,而這就是他所給的回答。
•In Great Britain,
governments often change their policies
without changing their men.
In France, they usually change their men
without changing their policy.
在英國,
政府常常改變政策
而不換人,
在法國,
通常換人
而不改變政策。
•An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity;
a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.
樂觀者在每一次災難中見到機會;
悲觀者在每一次機會中見到災難。
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